The Soviet Union 1969 CPA 3728 stamp (World War II Hero Political Commissar Nikolay Filchenkov).jpg 740 × 1,012; 137 KB Пропуск-предложение немецких сил к русским перейти на сторону немецкой армии в состав РОА.jpg 620 × 450; 80 KB It instructed the Wehrmacht that any Soviet political commissar identified among captured troops be summarily executed as a purported enforcer of the " Judeo-Bolshevism " ideology in military forces. [citation needed] Voroshilov followed this retort by smashing a platter of roast suckling pig on the table. [11] He had no problem denouncing officers he disliked such as Tukhachevsky. In the event, after the October Revolution, the political commissar remained in the Red Army until 1942. The position of political commissar (Chinese: 政治委员, 政委) also exists in the People's Liberation Army of China. [9] Voroshilov personally signed 185 documented execution lists, fourth among the Soviet leadership after Molotov, Stalin and Kaganovich. He was one of the original five Marshals of the Soviet Union, the highest military rank of the Soviet Union, and served as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the nominal Soviet head of state, from 1953 to 1960. He always stood for the political line of the party, because he was from a working class, a common man, very good orator. Red Army, Soviet army created by the Communist government after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The political commissar held military rank equaling that of the unit commander to whom he was attached; moreover, the commissar also had the military authority to countermand the unit commander’s orders when required. In 1919, the title politruk (Russian: политрук, from политический руководитель, political leader) was assigned to political officers at company level, despite being official political commissars, they were not addressed as "commissar". He was clean, yes. commissar (plural commissars) An official of the Communist Party, often attached to a military unit, who was responsible for political education. His job was to ensure that the regular soldiers and officers followed the orders of the Party leadership in Moscow, basically a tool for the Communist Party to limit the military's independence (the NKVD having similar oversight of the Party and Military). The political commissar held military rank equaling that of the unit commander to whom he was attached; moreover, the commissar also had the military authority to countermand the unit … Voroshilov died on 2 December and was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. b. Revolutionary Military Councils (or Revvoyensoviets- RVS) were established at army-, front-, fleet-, and flotilla-level, comprising at least three members — commander and two political workers. This reorganization was conceived by Kulik but put into practice by Voroshilov. Define political commissars. In the Red Army and the Soviet Army, the political commissar Russian: комиссар, romanized: komissar existed, by name, only during the 1918–24, 1937–40, and 1941–42 periods; not every Red Army political officer was a commissar. [11] The politically appointed commanders of the post-purge Red Army saw that the army, especially after the purge, was not suitable to carry out deep operations style warfare. The actual Soviet Political Officer is a stock character in fictional portrayals of the Soviet-German War and Cold War era. He played a central role during the Great Purge, denounced many of his own colleagues and subordinates, and personally signed over a hundred execution lists. Political commissars were Soviet Communist Party officials who oversaw its … политрук, from политический руководитель, political leader, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Apparat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, http://books.google.com/books?id=_5R2fnVZXiwC&pg=PA195&dq=sun+li+jen+americans+chiang#v=onepage&q=sun%20li%20jen%20americans%20chiang&f=false, http://books.google.com/books?id=AW9yrtekFRkC&pg=PA302&dq=sun+li+jen+americans+chiang#v=onepage&q=sun%20li%20jen%20americans%20chiang&f=false, http://books.google.com/books?id=YoB35f6HD9gC&pg=PA181&dq=sun+li+jen+americans+chiang#v=onepage&q=sun%20li%20jen%20americans%20chiang&f=false, https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Political_commissar?oldid=5304562. [11] He praised the army's combined arms warfare capabilities as well as the high quality and ability to take initiative of the officers during the 1936 summer manoeuvers. Following Khrushchev's fall from power, Soviet leader Brezhnev brought Voroshilov out of retirement into a figurehead political post. Working alongside military commander Andrei Zhdanov as German advances threatened to cut off Leningrad, he displayed considerable personal bravery in defiance of heavy shelling at Ivanovskoye; at one point he rallied retreating troops and personally led a counter-attack against German tanks armed only with a pistol. As Political Commissar serving co-equally with Stalin, Voroshilov was responsible for the morale of the 1st Cavalry Army, which was composed chiefly of peasants from southern Russia.[5][6]. At least at private ones. On 15 March 1953, Voroshilov was approved as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (i.e., the head of state) with Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Communist Party and Georgy Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union. An early kind of political commissars arose already during the February Revolution 1917 as the Ispolkom issued the controversial Order no 1. His main accomplishment in this period was to move key Soviet war industries east of the Urals, so that the Soviet Union could strategically retreat, while keeping its manufacturing capability intact. After the war, Voroshilov oversaw the establishment of a socialist regime in Hungary. In the event, after the October Revolution, the political commissar remained in the Red Armyuntil 1942. the term "commissar" itself was formally abolished in August 1942, and at the company- and regiment-level, the pompolit officer was replaced with the zampolit (deputy for political matters). His family proposed to call an ambulance immediately, but he adamantly refused. Despite a French Republican origin, the political commissar usually is associated historically with the Soviet Union (1917–91), where the Russian Provisional Government of 1917 introduced them to the military forces to ensure the government’s political control. They met while both exiled in Arkhangelsk, where Ekaterina was sent in 1906. He was killed minutes after this photo was taken. Voroshilov died in 1969 at the age of 88. In the Red Army and the Soviet Army, the political commissar (Russian: комиссар; komissar) existed, by name, only during the 1918–24, 1937–40, and 1941–42 periods; not every Red Army political officer was a commissar. However in this period he advocated Stalin very actively, supported him in everything, though not entirely sure in everything. The Commissar Order (German language: Kommissarbefehl) was an order issued by Adolf Hitler in March 1941, before Operation Barbarossa. In the Red Army and the Soviet Army, the political commissar existed, by name, only during 1918–1924, 1937–40, and 1941–42 periods; not every Red Army political officer was a commissar. Frunze was urged by a group of Stalin's hand-picked doctors to have surgery to treat an old stomach ulcer, despite previous doctors' recommendations to avoid surgery and Frunze's own unwillingness. Political commissar is similar to these topics: Civilian control of the military, Armed Forces of Ecuador, Corporatism and more. [13], Between 1945 and 1947, Voroshilov supervised the establishment of the socialist republic in postwar Hungary. The Commissar Order (German : Kommissarbefehl) was a written order given by the German High Command (OKW) on 6 June 1941, prior to the beginning of Operation Barbarossa (German invasion of the Soviet Union). On 7 May 1960, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union granted Voroshilov's request for retirement and elected Leonid Brezhnev chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council (the head of state). [15] Voroshilov was nonetheless made the scapegoat for the initial failures in Finland. political commissars synonyms, political commissars pronunciation, political commissars translation, English dictionary definition of political commissars. Stavropol was called Voroshilovsk from 1935 to 1943. This must be taken into account to understand why Stalin treated him critically and not invited him at all our conversations. Their first creation was the Orzhov Gas. He was well known for aiding Joseph Stalin in the Revolutionary Military Council, having become closely associated with Stalin during the Red Army's 1918 defense of Tsaritsyn, and one of the Cavalry Army clique. Below army level, the edinonachalie (single command) system was restored. The political commissar (also politruk Russian: политрук from политический руководитель: political officer) is the supervisory political officer responsible for the political education (ideology) and organization, and loyalty to the government of the military. During Stalin's rule, they lived in the Kremlin at the Horse Guards. [8] Voroshilov became a full member of the newly formed Politburo in 1926, remaining a member until 1960. In 1952, Voroshilov was appointed a member of the Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Despite mounting a heroic effort, Voroshilov failed to stop the German encirclement of Leningrad and was again relieved from his command in September 1941. Commissar (or sometimes Kommissar) is an English transliteration of the Russian комиссáр, which means commissary. But his devotion was not very strong. [11] He openly declared that the saboteurs in the Red Army were few in number and tried to save the lives of officers like Lukin, who would serve with distinction during World War Two, and Sokolov-Strakhov at which he was sometimes successful. Born to a Russian worker's family in modern Ukraine, Voroshilov took part in the Russian Revolution of 1917 as an early member of the Bolsheviks. Khorosheye, near Voroshilovgrad, Ukraine, July 12, 1942. ... according to analysts similar to the work of Soviet political commissars during the early and middle years of the military establishment. At the end of 1944 more than 1,100 full-time and about 47,000 part-time instructors had been trained, under the control of General Hermann Reinecke, commander of the National Socialist leadership staff at the OKW. Political commissar [політичний комісар; politychnyi komisar ]. In the correct amount it increased the physical and mental capacities. Voroshilov was active as a commander of the Southern Front during the Russian Civil War and the Polish–Soviet War while with the 1st Cavalry Army. His fortunes declined during the rise of Nikita Khrushchev and the Supreme Soviet removed him from power in 1960. [11] The territorial units had been very unpopular, not only with Voroshilov, but with the Red Army leadership a whole. Voroshilov was then made Deputy Premier responsible for cultural matters. Voroshilov was active as a commander of the Southern Front during the Russian Civil War and the Polish–Soviet War while with the 1st Cavalry Army. "Communists and the Red Cavalry: The Political Education of the Konarmiia in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20", CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, People's Commissar for Defense of the Soviet Union, People's Commissar for Military and Navy Affairs, Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Jubilee Medal "XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army", Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945", Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow", Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy", Jubilee Medal "40 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR", Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR", Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945", Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union, Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, "Ворошилов, Климент Ефремович - это... Что такое Ворошилов, Климент Ефремович? The political commissar was head of a party cell within the military; however, military membership in the party has been restricted to the lower ranks since the 1980s. When this proved less-than-effective, in 1942 the political officer was more firmly subordinated to commanding officers: the commissars' work was refocused to non-direct-command (unless otherwise needed) and morale-related functions. Secret Origin of Political Commissar N ame: Raisa Ogorodnikova Rank: KGB Captain, Political Commissar ... Its intention was simple, the creation of the first generation of soviet superheroes. While both serving on the Tsaritsyn Front in 1918, where Ekaterina was helping orphans, they adopted a four-year-old orphan boy who they named Petya. Political advisers called commissars were attached to all army units to watch over the reliability of officers and to carry out political propaganda among the troops. [8] He died on the operating table of a massive overdose of chloroform, an anaesthetic. The KV (Kliment Voroshilov) series of tanks, used in World War II, was named after him. Despite a French Republican origin, the political commissar usually is associated historically with the Soviet Union (1917–91), where the Russian Provisional Government of 1917 introduced them to the military forces to ensure the government’s political control. And he was personally devoted to Stalin. Today the political commissar is largely responsible for administrative tasks such as public relations and counseling, and mainly serves as second-in-command. She changed her name when she converted to Orthodox Christianity in order to be allowed to marry Voroshilov. Voroshilov joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1905. In the Red Army and the Soviet Army, the political commissar exist… [11] Commanders such as Voroshilov and Kulik were among the instigators of these reforms which positively impacted the Red Army. He played a central role in Stalin's Great Purge of the 1930s, denouncing many of his own military colleagues and subordinates when asked to do so by Stalin. The position of political commissar (Chinese: 政戰官) also exists in the Republic of China Army of the Republic of China (Taiwan). The political commissar is often associated with the Soviet Union (1922–91), where the Cheka introduced them [dubious – discuss] to the military forces to ensure the government’s political control. Viacheslaw Molotov (1890 – 1986) was a Soviet politician and people's commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR. Topic. In July 1941, consequent to the Red Army’s defeats at war’s start, the position of political commissar reappeared. The name Red Army was abandoned in 1946. [21], Voroshilov was married to Ekaterina Voroshilova, born Golda Gorbman, who came from a Jewish Ukrainian family from Mardarovka. As Political Commissar … He wrote personal letters to exiled former Soviet officers and diplomats such as commissar Mikhail Ostrovsky, asking them to return voluntarily to the Soviet Union and falsely reassuring them that they would not face retribution from authorities. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union considered its political officers — known informally in the West as “commissars” — to fill an essential role within military units and aboard warships. It also affected their relationship. [10] Voroshilov did not personally share the paranoia towards upper-class elements of the officer corps. [1], Brigade commissar Leonid Brezhnev (right) giving a Communist party membership card to a soldier (1942). [17], After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Voroshilov became commander of the short-lived Northwestern Direction (July to August 1941), controlling several fronts. [11] Among the issues he pointed out were insufficient communication, ineffective staffs, insufficient cooperation between arms, and the rudimentary nature of the command structure in tank units and other modern arms. Frete GRÁTIS em milhares de produtos com o Amazon Prime. [11][12], Despite taking part in the purging of many "mechanisers" (supporters of wide usage of tanks rather than cavalry) from the Red Army, Voroshilov became convinced that reliance on cavalry should be decreased while more modern arms should receive higher priority. The political commissar held military rank equaling that of the unit commander to whom he was attached; moreover, the commissar also had the military authority to countermand the unit commander’s orders when … The Central Committee also relieved him of duties as a member of the Party Presidium (as the Politburo had been called since 1952) on 16 July 1960. Chiang Ching-kuo, appointed as Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) director of Secret Police in 1950, was educated in the Soviet Union, and initiated Soviet style military organization in the Republic of China Military, reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and Kuomintang party activities were propagated throughout the military. Since December 1943 the German armed forces created a network of political instructors to maintain national-socialist indoctrination of the Wehrmacht. [11] He had openly proclaimed that the system was inadequate in an era in which imperialist powers (such as Germany) were expanding the capabilities of their armies. Although there was a huge difference betwee… In 1926, he became a full member of the Politburo. [14] When the leadership gathered at Stalin's dacha at Kuntsevo, Stalin shouted at Voroshilov for the losses; Voroshilov replied in kind, blaming the failure on Stalin for eliminating the Red Army's best generals in his purges. In a 1982 journal article Following Stalin's death in 1953, Voroshilov was appointed Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. In practice, this meant maintaining discipline and disseminating propaganda so “that the party has a daily and undivided impact on [sailors] entire life and activity.” [19] Stalin had a political need for popular wartime leaders, however, and Voroshilov remained as an important figurehead. 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